VITAL SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER YOU MUST KNOW

The main symptoms of brain cancer are breast pain, nipple discharge,and breast lumps,Peeling, scaling, or flaking skin

  First steps Begin by establishing a menstrual history. You should also determine the date of the last period of menstruation. Pre-existing disease in the breast is likely to become more noticeable during the second half of the menstrual cycle—lumps often get bigger or become more easily palpable.
         Bear in mind that seeking medical attention for a breast lump or tenderness can produce extreme anxiety and embarrassment in patients. Men with gynecomastia are also likely to feel anxious about their breast development . Be sure that you adopt an appropriately sensitive, sympathetic, and professional approach. 

 Breast pain (mastalgia) As for pain at any other site, you should establish the site, radiation, character, duration, severity, exacerbating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms. Also ask the following:
• Is the pain unilateral or bilateral?
• Is there any heat or redness at the site?
 • Are there any other visible skin changes?
 • Is the pain cyclical or constant—and is it related to menstruation?
 • Is there a history of any previous similar episodes?
 • Is the patient breastfeeding?
 • Is the patient on any hormonal therapy (especially perimenopausal)? The most common cause of mastalgia in premenopausal women is hormone-dependent change. Other benign causes include mastitis and abscesses. One in 100 breast cancers presents with mastalgia as the sole symptom.

 Nipple discharge
 Important causes of nipple discharge include ductal pathology, such as ductal ectasia, papilloma, and carcinoma. Ask about the following:
• Is the discharge true milk or some other substance?
 • What color is the discharge (e.g., clear, white, yellow, blood-stained)?
 • Is it spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
 • Is the discharge unilateral or bilateral?
• Are there any changes in the appearance of the nipple or areola?
 • Mastalgia?
 • Are there any breast lumps?
• Periareolar abscesses or fistulae indicating periductal mastitis?
• This is closely linked to smoking in young women. Periductal mastitis is also associated with hidradenitis suppuritiva. Ask about abscess elsewhere, e.g., axilla and groin. The symptoms are often recurrent
  Remember that after childbearing, some women continue to discharge a small secretion of milk (galactorrhea). However, in rare instances this can be the first presenting symptom of a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma.
In the case of true bilateral galactorrhea, you should also ask about
 • Headaches
• Visual disturbances, especially visual field deficits

Breast lumps 
These are a very important presenting complaint with a number of causes , the most important one being cancer. Establish the following:
• When the lump was first noticed
 • Whether the lump has remained the same size or enlarged
 • Whether the size of the lump changes according to menstrual cycle
 • Is there any pain?
• Are there any local skin changes?
 • Is there a history of breast lumps (ask about previous biopsies, diagnoses, and operations)?
• A full systems inquiry should include any other symptoms that might suggest a neoplastic disease (weight loss, loss of appetite, fatigue, etc.) and metastatic spread to other organ systems (shortness of breath, bony pain, etc.).
 Age
 A good clue as to the likely diagnosis of a lump is the age of the patient: • Fibroadenomas are common between 20 and 30 years.
 • Cysts are common between 30 and 50 years.
• Cancer is very rare <30 years of age but more likely in the >50 age group.


next we shall be looking at the inspection of the breast where we shall do generalised inspection and palpitation of the breast, etc

CORONA VIRUS
 Symptoms and signs

sings and symptoms

People may be sick with the virus for 1 to 14 days before developing symptoms. The most common symptoms of corona virus disease (COVID-19) are fever, tiredness, and dry cough. Most people (about 80%) recover from the disease without needing special treatment.

More rarely, the disease can be serious and even fatal. Older people, and people with other medical conditions (such as asthma, diabetes, or heart disease), may be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill.

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People may experience:

cough

fever

tiredness

difficulty breathing (severe cases)

PREVENTION

There’s currently no vaccine to prevent corona-virus disease (COVID-19).

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You can protect yourself and help prevent spreading the virus to others if you:

Do

Wash your hands regularly for 20 seconds, with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub

Cover your nose and mouth with a disposable tissue or flexed elbow when you cough or sneeze

Avoid close contact (1 meter or 3 feet) with people who are unwell

Stay home and self-isolate from others in the household if you feel unwell

Don't

Touch your eyes, nose, or mouth if your hands are not clean

Watch a video from who.int

TREATMENT

There is no specific medicine to prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19). People may need supportive care to help them breathe.

Self care

If you have mild symptoms, stay at home until you’ve recovered. You can relieve your symptoms if you:

rest and sleep

keep warm

drink plenty of liquids

use a room humidifier or take a hot shower to help ease a sore throat and cough